Quran Controversies: Understanding Historical Contexts

Jihad primarily refers to striving for self-improvement, resisting evil, and upholding justice. Armed struggle (qital) is permitted only for defense under strict conditions.

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Islam worked to abolish slavery gradually by promoting manumission (freeing slaves) and ensuring humane treatment.

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Islam teaches respect for religious diversity and emphasizes justice and peaceful coexistence with people of all faiths.

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The Quran does not mandate a worldly punishment for apostasy (i.e. abandoning one’s religion); it leaves accountability to Allah

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